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河北在選擇橋梁伸縮縫的形式時要考慮哪些因素?

瀏覽量: 22910 發(fā)表時間:2018-10-24

在選擇橋梁伸縮縫的形式時要考慮哪些因素?

合理選擇橋梁伸縮縫的形式,是保證橋梁伸縮縫盡可能與橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)具有相近壽命的基本條件。衡水盈通橡膠制品有限公司和您一起了解在選擇橋梁伸縮縫的形式時要考慮哪些因素?橋梁伸縮縫形式的選擇非常重要,必須根據(jù)所安裝伸縮縫的道路性質(zhì)、橋梁類型,需要的伸縮量為依據(jù),綜合考慮道路、橋梁和伸縮縫整體的耐久性、平整性、排水性和防水性、施工性維修性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性等,選擇恰當(dāng)形式的伸縮縫。

1、耐久性

橋梁伸縮縫的耐久性,原則上希望與橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)本身的耐久性相適應(yīng)。然而目前所使用的構(gòu)請形式的橋梁伸縮縫幾乎都不能做到這一點(diǎn)。一般情況下,只希望達(dá)到比橋面壽命長的耐久性,這從經(jīng)濟(jì)、施工等方面看,如此是比較恰當(dāng)和符合實(shí)際情況的。同時,在考慮耐久性時,必須根據(jù)公路的性質(zhì)判斷其耐久年限。

即使是同一種橋梁伸縮縫,因施工質(zhì)量的不同而造成伸縮縫使用耐久性的差異是很大的。根據(jù)耐久性來選擇橋梁伸縮縫的種類時,有必要由現(xiàn)場的實(shí)際情況出發(fā)充分考慮其施工方法。因此,耐久性可以就同樣的施工方法進(jìn)行比較。

SSF橋梁伸縮縫

SSF橋梁伸縮縫

2、平整性

平整性也可作為耐久性來考慮。平整性變壞不外乎有兩種情況:一種是像鋼制型橋梁伸縮縫的齒板變形上翹、開口、脫焊、沖擊時發(fā)出噪聲和板式橡膠型橋梁伸縮的的隆起、翹曲、橡膠板脫落等橋梁伸縮縫結(jié)構(gòu)本身的缺陷;另一種情況是橋梁伸縮縫與其兩側(cè)橋面之間形成高差,汽車行駛時受到?jīng)_擊而跳動致使行駛性能變壞。

對于前一種情況,其產(chǎn)生原因或是由于焊接變形矯正不夠、組裝精度未達(dá)到要求,或是由于施工不好、未能牢固地固定,或由于在安裝時沒有達(dá)到設(shè)計要求的梁端縫隙,或是由于橋面鋪裝施工時梁的轉(zhuǎn)動,以及施工后由于地震和地基不均勻沉降等致使下部結(jié)構(gòu)變位;還有因外荷載的作用使梁產(chǎn)生翹曲變形而在梁端截面轉(zhuǎn)動所引起的變位。這些情況通常在大跨徑橋梁或梁較高或高橋上是比較明顯的。在這種情況下,一般認(rèn)為橡膠型伸縮縫對變位的適應(yīng)性較好,理應(yīng)不致出現(xiàn)太大的缺陷,而對鋼制型或單縫的模數(shù)式伸縮縫,其影響相對較大。

對于后一種情況,主要是由于伸縮縫兩側(cè)的橋面碾壓不充分,或強(qiáng)度不足,從面隨著汽車的行駛而下沉或損壞,產(chǎn)生高低差,汽車行駛時形成較大的沖擊,進(jìn)一步加劇橋面本身的變形,使本來已形成的伸縮縫與橋面間的高差進(jìn)步擴(kuò)大,平整性能不斷思化。為了避免上述情況,可選擇橋面連續(xù),或先整體橋面施工后切割橋面體,再安裝伸縮縫的后嵌做法,這只要慎重施工就可達(dá)到目的。

采用鋼制型或模數(shù)式等橋梁伸縮縫,在橋面施工前必須事先緊密,使其牢固地連接在主梁或橋面板上。因此,橋面鋪裝不能充分碾壓,常常使得路面或橋面的平整性較差。

3、排水性和防水性

其實(shí)橋梁伸縮縫的排水性和防水性也可作為耐久性的一個方面來考慮。橋梁伸縮縫的排水性和防水性之所以成為問題,主要是因?yàn)闃蛄合旅娴氖褂铆h(huán)境要求,如橋下面是街道房屋等,或是通航河流。特別是城市高架橋梁,梁端部和支座處防銹,最怕橋梁伸縮縫出現(xiàn)漏水問題。

橋梁伸縮縫,有的有排水裝置,其中絕大部分是沒有專門的排水裝置,即使設(shè)置了排水裝置的橋梁伸縮縫,常因砂土等雜物堵塞而變得不能排水。目前,橋梁伸縮縫集中落水極為普遍。排水裝置之所以堵塞,主要是由于施工時混凝土、木料或其他碎屑掉入伸縮縫內(nèi)而又未及時清除所致。另外,橋梁竣工后隨著車輛的行駛,塵土不斷落人造成伸縮縫中砂土日益堆積又未正常清除養(yǎng)護(hù)等。總之,多半是由于排水裝置清掃困難、養(yǎng)護(hù)不力以至引起排水不暢。

4、施工性

施工性可分為兩方面來考慮:一方面是單從施工角度來看,是不是費(fèi)工時;另一方面是否能做到精心施工,以保證橋梁伸縮縫所期望的壽命。所謂期望的壽命,是指在精心設(shè)計、精心施工的情況下,具有所希望的耐久性、平整性、排水性和防水性的壽命。

施工是不是費(fèi)工與橋梁伸縮縫本身的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和伸縮量直接相關(guān)。一般來說,構(gòu)造簡單,施工也就容易。相反就比較費(fèi)工時。大位移模數(shù)式橋梁伸縮縫的施工要求相對較高要達(dá)到精心施工,必須費(fèi)點(diǎn)工但鑒于其適用范圍,只要結(jié)構(gòu)合理.性能可靠,費(fèi)越工時還是值得的。

另外,所謂是否可以做到維持期望壽命的良好施工,是相對所希望的耐久性能、平整性能排水性能和防水性能等而言的,情況比較復(fù)雜,一般隨施工方法和施工質(zhì)量的差異較大,有時非常明顯。對施工要求一般的伸縮縫,按一般要求施工即可達(dá)到所期望的壽命。但是,一般來說,施工精度較差,則其平整性、排水性和防水性多半是不良的。也就是說,周密精心的施工是保證伸縮縫具有所期望壽命的一個必要條件。

綜上所述,施工的好壞,對伸縮縫的耐久性、平整性、防水性等的影響是很大的,所以必須十分注意進(jìn)行精心施工。如過已經(jīng)預(yù)計到不能充分地做到精心施工,就應(yīng)盡可能避免選用過于受施工因素影響的而使耐久性、平整性、排水性和防水性等受到嚴(yán)重影響的伸縮縫。

5、維修性

橋梁伸縮縫一但破壞,一般而言,維修是比較困難的。維修的難易程度,一般要視橋梁伸縮縫破壞的嚴(yán)重程度而定,就其本身構(gòu)造而言應(yīng)以在維修時需將橋面破壞到什么程度來決定。如填塞對接式伸縮縫,可以只破壞其周圍橋臺的一小部分,或?qū)⒒炷辽宰魈幚砭涂梢赃M(jìn)行維修工作。對板式橡膠型或大型模數(shù)式伸縮縫,如果破壞到要對錨固系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行維修時,則必須鑿掉兩側(cè)錨固區(qū)混凝土而使錨固鋼筋露出,顯而易見,維修工作難度大大增加。

對安裝在鋼橋上的鋼制式伸縮縫,有時需要露出主梁上翼緣板,不過,這要取決于其破壞情況及維修的程度,不能一概而論。 例如,如果只對鋼齒板焊接維修,那就不一定露出主梁的上翼緣板就能進(jìn)行;如果要更換伸縮縫,則工作量明顯增大。

對預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土橋,預(yù)應(yīng)力錯頭集中在梁的端部因此,在安裝初始就已考忠到錨固系統(tǒng)的處理維修時只需將原槽口部分的混凝土鑿掉即可。

綜上所述,構(gòu)造簡單的伸縮裝置,其維修也相對容易。反之,其維修相對較困難。

GQF-RG型橋梁伸縮縫

GQF-RG型橋梁伸縮縫

6、經(jīng)濟(jì)性

橋梁伸縮縫的經(jīng)濟(jì)性不能單從各種伸縮縫的建筑單價來比較。就我國目前的現(xiàn)狀而言,應(yīng)該盡可能使伸縮縫的壽命與橋面或路面的壽命相等。伸縮縫的經(jīng)濟(jì)性應(yīng)結(jié)合伸縮縫本身的壽命和其費(fèi)用以及應(yīng)用公路的性質(zhì)等經(jīng)綜合考慮后而加以判斷。就各種伸縮縫本身的價格,當(dāng)然是構(gòu)造簡單的越便宜。但是,正如上述有關(guān)耐久性的論述中所述的,構(gòu)造越簡單的壽命越短,這也是自然之事。至于一項(xiàng)工程中是使用價格比較低廉,同時壽命也比較短的伸縮縫而增加其后期更換次數(shù)及養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)用,還是使用單價相對較高、壽命較長的伸縮縫以減小維修次數(shù)和維修費(fèi)用,這其中有一些需要建設(shè)方或業(yè)主、工程師適當(dāng)選擇比較的問題。

交通量的大小對伸縮縫的選擇是一個重要的控制條件。公路交通量大時,為了維修伸縮縫而使部分交通中斷是一個比較大的問題,而根據(jù)對伸縮縫破壞情況的調(diào)查,在交通量大及重型車輛多的公路上,伸縮縫破壞的比例也大。因此,對高速公路這樣的交通主干線,應(yīng)該選擇壽命較長、耐久性較好的伸縮縫。對于交通量小的低等級公路,伸縮縫破壞的情況也相對少此,且即使破壞了,為維修而對交通有所限制所造成的影響也比較小,也比較容易做到。考慮到這種情況,選擇價格比較便宜的簡單構(gòu)造也許是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。因此,橋梁伸縮縫的經(jīng)濟(jì)性問題是一個應(yīng)該慎重地綜合判斷的問題。

想了解更多關(guān)于橋梁伸縮縫的信息請致電15303381562,衡水盈通橡膠制品有限公司竭誠為您服務(wù)。

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